d🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶de🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶e-d🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶de🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶🇩🇪🍺🥨🏰🌭🎓🎄🦌🎶e
IPA: /d/→/t/, /b/→/p/, /g/→/k/

Auslautverhärtung

Final Devoicing (Auslautverhärtung)

In German, voiced consonants (b, d, g) become voiceless (p, t, k) at the end of a word or syllable. 'Hund' sounds like 'Hunt', 'Tag' like 'Tak', 'lieb' like 'liep'. But when a vowel follows (plural, conjugation), the voiced sound returns: Hunde, Tage, liebe.

Sounds

IPABeispielTranslation
d→tHund /hʊnt/dog
b→plieb /liːp/dear
g→kTag /taːk/day

Minimal Pairs

Rad /raːt/

wheel

vs

Rat /raːt/

advice (sound the same!)

bunt

colorful

vs

Bund

federation

Tips

Compare singular and plural: Hund /t/ → Hunde /d/. The consonant changes!

Don't fight the devoicing — it's correct German! Always devoice at word/syllable end.

Common Mistakes

Keeping voiced consonants at word end

Fix: In German, final d=t, final b=p, final g=k — always devoice

Related Sounds

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